Brain Metastases

What are Brain Metastases?

Brain metastases occur when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the brain. These secondary brain tumours are more common than primary brain tumours and can originate from cancers such as lung, breast, melanoma, kidney, or colorectal cancer. The presence of brain metastases often indicates advanced cancer and requires a multidisciplinary approach to treatment.

Types of Brain Metastases

Brain metastases are categorised based on the number of lesions and their location within the brain:

• Solitary Metastases: A single metastatic lesion in the brain.

• Multiple Metastases: Multiple lesions scattered throughout the brain.

• Leptomeningeal Metastases: Cancer cells spread to the lining of the brain and spinal cord, often associated with advanced disease stages.

The specific symptoms and prognosis depend on the number, size, and location of these metastases, as well as the primary cancer type.

Symptoms of Brain Metastases

The symptoms of brain metastases vary based on the affected region of the brain. Common symptoms include:

• Persistent headaches, often worse in the morning

• Nausea and vomiting

• Seizures

• Weakness or numbness in the limbs

• Difficulty with speech or comprehension

• Vision changes or loss

• Balance or coordination issues

• Altered mental status, such as confusion or memory problems

Diagnosis and Treatment Options

Diagnosis:Brain metastases are usually diagnosed using imaging techniques such as:

• MRI with contrast: The most sensitive imaging modality for detecting metastases.

• CT scans: Useful in certain situations where MRI is unavailable.

• Biopsy: May be necessary to confirm the diagnosis if the primary cancer is unknown.

Treatment:The treatment of brain metastases is tailored to the patient’s overall health, the primary cancer type, and the extent of brain involvement. Options include:

1. Surgery:

   • Suitable for solitary metastases or when tissue diagnosis is required.

   • Aims to relieve pressure and improve neurological function.

2. Radiotherapy:

   • Whole-Brain Radiotherapy (WBRT): Treats the entire brain for multiple metastases.

   • Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS): Delivers precise radiation to specific lesions while sparing surrounding brain tissue.

3. Systemic Therapy:

   • Includes chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy based on the primary cancer’s characteristics.

4. Palliative Care:

   • Symptom management, including steroids to reduce swelling and anti-epileptic medications for seizure control.

Conclusion

Brain metastases require prompt and specialised care to manage symptoms and improve quality of life. At Singapore Brain Spine Nerves Center, our team provides comprehensive diagnostic and treatment options tailored to each patient’s unique needs. If you or your loved one are experiencing neurological symptoms, consult a healthcare professional without delay for evaluation. Early intervention can significantly enhance outcomes. Visit the Singapore Brain Spine Nerves Center for expert care and guidance.