Epilepsies

What are Epilepsies?

Epilepsies are a neurological condition characterised by recurrent, unprovoked seizures caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. It affects people of all ages and is one of the most common chronic neurological disorders. The condition can significantly impact an individual’s quality of life but is often manageable with the right treatment and care.

Types of Epilepsies

Epilepsy is classified based on the type of seizures experienced and the underlying cause. Common categories include:

• Focal Epilepsy: Seizures originate in one specific area of the brain. Symptoms can vary depending on the affected region, from sensory disturbances to automatisms.

• Generalised Epilepsy: Involves both hemispheres of the brain, leading to seizures such as absence seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, and myoclonic jerks.

• Idiopathic Epilepsy: No identifiable cause; typically associated with genetic factors.

• Symptomatic Epilepsy: Linked to underlying conditions such as brain injury, stroke, or infections.

• Cryptogenic Epilepsy: The cause remains unknown despite thorough investigation.

Symptoms of Epilepsy

Seizure symptoms differ based on the type and severity of the episode. Common signs include:

• Temporary confusion or staring spells

• Loss of consciousness or awareness

• Uncontrolled jerking movements of the arms and legs

• Sensory disturbances, such as tingling or vision changes

• Psychological symptoms like fear or déjà vu

Diagnosis and Treatment Options

Diagnosis: Diagnosing epilepsy involves a combination of clinical evaluation and diagnostic tests:

• Electroencephalogram (EEG): Detects abnormal electrical activity in the brain.

• MRI or CT Scans: Identifies structural abnormalities such as tumours or scarring.

• Blood Tests: Helps rule out metabolic or genetic conditions linked to seizures.

Treatment: The management of epilepsy aims to control seizures and improve quality of life:

1. Anti-Epileptic Drugs (AEDs):

   • First-line treatment for most epilepsy types.

   • Medication choice depends on seizure type, age, and overall health.

2. Surgery:

   • Considered for focal epilepsy when seizures originate from a specific brain region that can be safely removed.

3. Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS):

   • A device implanted under the skin sends electrical impulses to the vagus nerve to reduce seizure frequency.

4. Ketogenic Diet:

   • High-fat, low-carbohydrate diet shown to reduce seizures in some cases, particularly in children.

5. Responsive Neurostimulation (RNS):

   • Implanted device monitors and interrupts abnormal electrical activity in real-time.

6. Supportive Care:

   • Lifestyle modifications, stress management, and ensuring sufficient sleep to minimise triggers.

   • Education for patients and families on seizure first aid.

Conclusion

Epilepsy is a complex condition that requires a tailored, multidisciplinary approach to care. With proper diagnosis and treatment, many people with epilepsy can achieve excellent seizure control and lead fulfilling lives. At Singapore Brain Spine Nerves Center, our experienced team provides expert guidance and advanced treatments for epilepsy. If you or your loved one is experiencing recurrent seizures, seek professional evaluation to manage the condition effectively.