Glioblastomas Multiforme (GBM)

What is Glioblastoma Multiforme?

Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and malignant form of primary brain tumour. Originating from glial cells in the brain, GBM is classified as a Grade IV glioma by the World Health Organization (WHO). It is known for its rapid growth and tendency to infiltrate surrounding brain tissue, making it one of the most challenging brain tumours to treat.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of GBM remains unclear, but several factors may increase the risk:

• Age: GBM is more common in adults over the age of 50.

• Genetic Mutations: Alterations in specific genes, such as EGFR, IDH, and TP53, are associated with GBM.

• Radiation Exposure: Prior exposure to ionising radiation to the head may elevate the risk of developing GBM.

• Family History: A family history of gliomas may indicate a genetic predisposition.

Symptoms of Glioblastoma Multiforme

The symptoms of GBM depend on the tumour's size, location, and rate of growth. Common symptoms include:

• Persistent and severe headaches

• Nausea and vomiting

• Seizures

• Cognitive or personality changes

• Weakness or paralysis in parts of the body

• Speech and vision difficulties

• Loss of balance or coordination

Diagnosis and Treatment Options

Diagnosis: GBM diagnosis typically involves imaging tests such as MRI with contrast or CT scans. A biopsy or surgical resection may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and identify specific genetic markers that can influence treatment strategies.

Treatment: Due to its aggressive nature, GBM treatment often requires a multidisciplinary approach:

• Surgery: The first-line treatment aims to remove as much of the tumour as safely as possible.

• Radiotherapy: Targeted radiation is used to eliminate remaining cancer cells post-surgery.

• Chemotherapy: The drug temozolomide is commonly used in combination with radiotherapy to improve outcomes.

• Targeted Therapy: Innovative treatments targeting specific genetic mutations in GBM cells, such as bevacizumab, may slow tumour progression.

• Clinical Trials: Patients with GBM may benefit from participation in clinical trials exploring novel therapies, including immunotherapy and gene therapy.

Conclusion

Glioblastoma Multiforme is a highly aggressive brain tumour requiring prompt and expert medical attention. If you or your loved one is experiencing concerning neurological symptoms, early evaluation and intervention can make a critical difference. Visit Singapore Brain Spine Nerves Center for compassionate, evidence-based care tailored to your journey with GBM.